In Plain English
FAR 91.1095 sets the initial and transition training and checking requirements for flight instructors used by a fractional ownership program manager under Subpart K — both aircraft instructors and simulator instructors.
Before serving as an instructor, a person must:
- Satisfactorily complete initial or transition flight instructor training; and
- Within the preceding 24 months, conduct instruction under the observation of an FAA inspector, a program manager check pilot, or an aircrew designated examiner. This observation check may be done in an aircraft, full flight simulator, or flight training device, and counts as on time if completed in the month before, the month due, or the month after.
Initial ground training must cover instructor duties, applicable regulations and program manager procedures, instructional techniques, evaluating students (including spotting weak training or unsafe personal traits), corrective action, and approved normal/abnormal/emergency procedures. Non-CFI holders also receive teaching fundamentals.
Transition ground training focuses on procedures for the new aircraft type, class, or category.
Flight training for aircraft instructors includes safety measures during instruction, the consequences of improper intervention, and left- and right-seat practice of normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers. Simulator instructors must train in those procedures plus the operation of the simulator or FTD itself. This rule matters because it ensures Subpart K instructors are both technically proficient and able to manage the unique risks of teaching from either seat.
Regulation Text
14 CFR § 91.1095§ 91.1095 Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator).
(a) No program manager may use a person nor may any person serve as a flight instructor unless—
(1) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition flight instructor training; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 months, that person satisfactorily conducts instruction under the observation of an FAA inspector, a program manager check pilot, or an aircrew designated examiner employed by the program manager. The observation check may be accomplished in part or in full in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.
(b) The observation check required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in the month before, or the month after, the month in which it is due.
(c) The initial ground training for flight instructors must include the following:
(1) Flight instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.
(2) The applicable Code of Federal Regulations and the program manager's policies and procedures.
(3) The applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting flight instruction.
(4) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of—
(i) Improper and insufficient training; and
(ii) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect safety.
(5) The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress.
(6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
(7) Except for holders of a flight instructor certificate—
(i) The fundamental principles of the teaching-learning process;
(ii) Teaching methods and procedures; and
(iii) The instructor-student relationship.
(d) The transition ground training for flight instructors must include the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the type, class, or category aircraft to which the flight instructor is in transition.
(e) The initial and transition flight training for flight instructors (aircraft) must include the following—
(1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction;
(2) The potential results of improper or untimely safety measures during instruction;
(3) Training and practice from the left and right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this subpart; and
(4) The safety measures to be taken from either the left or right pilot seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction.
(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished in full or in part in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device, as appropriate.
(g) The initial and transition flight training for a flight instructor (simulator) must include the following:
(1) Training and practice in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this subpart. These maneuvers and procedures must be accomplished in full or in part in a flight simulator or in a flight training device.
(2) Training in the operation of flight simulators, flight training devices, or both, to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this subpart.