FAR 91.531 — Second in Command Requirements
FAR 91.531 explains when a second in command pilot is required, including type-certificated, large, and commuter airplanes, plus SIC qualification rules.
FAR 91.531 tells you when an airplane must be flown with a second in command (SIC) — a copilot — and the qualifications that SIC must hold.
Unless an exception applies, you may not operate the following airplanes without an SIC:
- Any airplane type certificated for more than one required pilot
- Any large airplane (over 12,500 lbs max takeoff weight)
- Any commuter category airplane
You don't need an SIC if:
- The airplane is certificated for single-pilot operation, or
- It's a large or turbojet multiengine airplane with a special airworthiness certificate that was either originally designed with only one pilot station, or originally had more than one station but single-pilot ops are allowed by the AFM or a branch of the U.S. or foreign military.
When an SIC is required, that pilot must meet the qualifications in FAR 61.55 (familiarity with the aircraft and recent SIC training/checks). This rule matters operationally because flying a two-pilot airplane single-pilot — or with an unqualified copilot — is a regulatory violation, even if you're rated in the airplane.
Five FAA-written-style questions. Instant explanations, every answer cites its source — no account needed.
You are flying VFR in Class E airspace at 8,500 feet MSL during the day. What are your minimum visibility and cloud clearance requirements?